Everything about the lab industry

With years of experience in the pharmaceutical and life science sector, CD Bioparticles launched a range of hydrophobic interaction chromatography resins for the purification of macromolecules including adeno-associated viruses. With different hydrophobic ranges, these resins can also be applied for sample pretreatment of the high-end liquid phase, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) is used for the purification and separation of biomolecules due to its hydrophobic functionality. Proteins containing hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions are loaded onto the HIC column under specific salt buffer conditions, which facilitates the binding of biomolecules to HIC resins and stabilizes molecular structures. The hydrophobic chromatography resins provided by CD Bioparticles immobilize phenyl and butyl hydrophobic groups on the surface of matrixes through advanced bonding technology, and adsorb biomolecules under high-salt conditions while eluting biomolecules under low-salt conditions. In addition, characterized by high adsorption capacity and low non-specific adsorption, these resins are suitable for further separation and purification after ion exchange chromatography, which may address current purification challenges as more biomolecules are being developed. CD Bioparticles now offers a wide range of HIC resins to provide researchers with optimal separation and purification solutions. Phenyl Porous PA Particles are available for hydrophobic chromatography with phenyl groups on the surface. Butyl (C4) Porous PA Particles are ready for hydrophobic chromatography with butyl groups on the surface, as well as Porous Silica Particles with terminal C18 groups on the surface. These chemically stable resins have contributed to a wide pH range for extensive applications. For example, DiagNano™ Butyl Porous Polyacrylate Particles, 30 µm are monodisperse porous polyacrylate microparticles used for hydrophobic chromatography with butyl groups on the surface of resins, with pore sizes of 500 Å or 1000 Å. These particles are designed to capture and purify various biomacromolecules such as antibodies, proteins, and polypeptides, at pH ranging from 2-12. Another example is DiagNano™ C18 Porous Silica Particles, Hydrophobic, 30 µm, which are monodisperse porous silica particles. These particles have terminal C18 groups on the surface of resins, with pore sizes of 100 Å and 120 Å. These particles reserve excellent chemical stability, and are suitable for sample pretreatment of high-end liquid phase, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry, making the adsorption, desorption and elution process of analytes on the stationary phase more concentrated. HIC resins from CD Bioparticles can be used in a variety of applications, including but not limited to preparing pretreated samples for high-end liquid phase, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry, capturing and purification of various biomacromolecules (e.g. antibodies, proteins, and polypeptides), as well as removal of product-related impurities (e.g. aggregates) and process contaminants (e.g., host cell proteins). For more information about hydrophobic interaction chromatography resins or to discuss your ongoing project, please visit CD Bioparticles at their website. About CD Bioparticles CD Bioparticles is a leading manufacturer and supplier of various nanoparticles, microparticles and coatings for R&D and commercialization across different application areas, including in vitro diagnostics, biochemistry, cellular analysis, cell separation, and immunoassay. The company also offers various custom services, including chemical surface-functionalized, fluorescent modification, antibody immobilization, nucleic acid, and oligo conjugation to meet client specifications.

Chitin is the second-largest natural polymer after cellulose, and it exists widely in nature, such as shells of crustaceans such as shrimps, crabs, insects, and cell walls of fungi. Although chitin has good biocompatibility and biodegradability, its poor solubility limits its practicality in the field of biomedicine. The product of chitin deacetylation is chitosan. Chitosan is structurally composed of D-glucosamine units, and each repeating glycoside unit has an amino group (-NH2) and two hydroxyl groups (-OH). The -NH2 group in the chitosan structural unit will be protonated to form -NH3+ ions in an acidic environment, and the free active amino group (-NH2) in the chitosan structure provides the easy modification of chitosan, often used to modify other groups. Studies have shown that when the degree of deacetylation of chitosan is greater than 50%, a large number of free amino groups (-NH2) on the chitosan structure make it easily soluble in acidic solutions. Chitosan has the same advantages as chitin in biocompatibility and biodegradability, and has unique biological properties, such as bioadhesion, high safety, antibacterial activity and antitumor activity. By comparing the toxicity of chitosan oligosaccharides with different molecular weights and different degrees of deacetylation to prostate cancer cells PC3, lung cancer cells A549 and liver cancer cells HepG2, the researchers found that chitosan with low molecular weight and low degree of deacetylation has better antitumor effect. In addition, the scientists also evaluated the effect of deacetylation and pH on the antibacterial behavior of biomolecules, and found that the antibacterial efficiency was highest when the deacetylation and pH were lower. Through further exploration of its antibacterial mechanism, it was found that chitosan exerts antibacterial activity through two mechanisms: one is to interfere with bacterial metabolism by electrostatic accumulation on the surface of bacteria, and the other is to embed chitosan on deoxyribonucleic acid chains. This process blocks the transcription of ribonucleic acid. The above research results show that chitosan has good antitumor and antibacterial properties, which are rarely possessed by other natural polymer materials. Chitosan also has a unique feature in structure, that is, the presence of primary amines at the C-2 position of the glucosamine residue, and the presence of primary amines provides chitosan with important biological properties. Chitosan was originally commonly used in wound dressings, tissue engineering, etc. Due to the hydrophilicity and acid solubility of chitosan, it was difficult to be used as a drug carrier alone in clinical practice. Therefore, chitosan is often combined with citric acid and tripolyphosphate salts etc. are cross-linked to form complexes to increase their stability. At the same time, due to the cationic properties of its surface, it can also form polyelectrolyte complexes with polyelectrolytes with anions on the surface. Nano-Drug Carrier of Chitosan Nano-drug carriers generally refer to drug carriers whose particle size is in the nanometer size (1-100 nm) or composed of nano-sized materials. Because they exhibit many physical and chemical properties that traditional drug carriers do not have, it is a solution to traditional drug carriers in water solubility, targeting ability, biological toxicity and other issues, one of the most promising technologies, has attracted great attention of researchers in the field of medicine. In order to solve the problems of traditional drugs, many nano-drug carriers with different shapes and structures have been developed, such as nanoparticles, nano-tubes/rods, nano-hydrogels, nano-micelles and nano-vesicles, etc. There are core-shell structure, cavity structure, network structure and so on. Thanks to the rapid development of nano-drug carriers, combined with the good biological properties of chitosan, chitosan-based drug carriers have increasingly become one of the hotspots in the field of drug delivery research. At the same time, in order to improve its bioavailability, different smart responsive drug carriers have been developed. For example, researchers have synthesized dual pH-responsive nanomicelles based on chitosan-vanillinimine, and the micelles are loaded with genistein. The nanomicelles are stable at physiological pH (about 7.4), while at pH outside cancer cells (about 6.8), the amino group in the carbonyl sulfide is protonated and positively charged, driving the micelles close to and Adsorbs to negatively charged cancer cells and subsequently enters cancer cells. At low pH (about 5.0) in cancer cells, the pH-sensitive imine benzoate is cleaved, and the genistein-loaded nanomicelles are destroyed to release genistein for the purpose of cancer treatment, and reduce unnecessary loss of drugs during transport. In addition, there are temperature-sensitive drug carriers, light-sensitive drug carriers, glucose-sensitive drug carriers, and the like. Other researchers introduced controllable thermosensitive groups into carboxymethyl chitosan molecules to construct photothermally sensitive carboxymethyl chitosan nanosphere carriers, and loaded indocyanine green and doxorubicin at the same time. The optimal drug loading of indocyanine green and doxorubicin reached 23.46% and 21.27%, respectively. Combined with the good photothermal conversion effect of indocyanine green and the high chemotherapy efficiency of doxorubicin, a photothermal chemotherapy-based combination therapy drug system was established. It can generate reactive oxygen species and release doxorubicin under near-infrared radiation to realize photothermal chemotherapy, which can effectively inhibit the growth of HepG-2 cells. A photosensitive drug carrier was constructed by covalently combining the prodrug of 5-fluorouracil with low molecular weight chitosan through a photocleavable linker containing o-nitrobenzyl derivative, which was irradiated with 365 nm ultraviolet light. It decomposes to form o-nitrosobenzaldehyde and releases 5-fluorouracil. During the process, unnecessary cytotoxicity is not caused due to the premature leakage and sudden release of the drug, and the biological safety performance of the drug is improved. In addition, some scientists have prepared a new type of glucose-sensitive chitosan-polyethylene oxide (chitosan/polyethylene oxide = 1: 0.5-1: 2.5) hydrogel, which can be Environmental glucose stimulation automatically regulates the release of metronidazole, and more drugs can be released at higher glucose concentrations, providing a new idea for the prevention or treatment of diabetic periodontitis. In addition to the above-mentioned intelligent nano-drug carriers based on chitosan, there are many studies on the preparation of new carriers by changing the carrier structure and ratio, and good results have also been obtained.

Material testing is a way to examine the exact chemical composition of samples, which has become increasingly important and often serves as a strategy for failure identification while in use. Alfa Chemistry, a chemical product and service provider, has been conducting analytical testing for various materials utilizing its advanced research laboratory. Earlier this month, the company finally revealed its competence in the testing of toys, semiconductor materials, and plastic films. "We use a variety of test methods to inspect the material behaviors and characteristics of standard specimens under different mechanical and thermal conditions. We accept both finished products or parts and components as testing samples," the technical expert from Alfa Chemistry said. Toy Testing It is universally admitted that unqualified toys would pose a huge hidden danger to users. Therefore, toy testing has become a necessary step for manufacturers to protect the health and safety of children and related users. The Alfa Chemistry Testing Lab can provide cost-effective analytical testing services for clients concerned with learning about the composition of toys, such as puzzles, tangrams, Rubik's cubes, story books, sketchpads, microscopes, kaleidoscopes, specimens, clay, beading, building blocks, etc. Generally, a toy testing project will cover physical and mechanical testing, performance testing, sharp corners and edges testing, widget testing, humidity testing of wooden toys, combustion testing, and more. Semiconductor Materials Testing Semiconductor materials are the cornerstones of industries, massively utilized in applications such as microelectronics, optoelectronics, and solar energies. The electrical, optical, and mechanical properties of semiconductors will significantly influence the performance and quality of devices. Hence, it is also of paramount importance to analyze and test the performance and structure of semiconductor consisted materials. A full-range semiconductor materials testing (https://tcalab.alfa-chemistry.com/industries/semiconductor-materials-testing.html) project would cover the following areas: resistivity testing, extension resistance testing, minority carrier lifetime testing, minority carrier diffusion length testing, hall effect testing, infrared spectrum testing, energy level transient spectrum testing, positron annihilation spectroscopy testing, photofluorescence spectrum testing, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum testing, electron beam induced current testing, I-V and C-V testing, etc. Plastic Film Testing Plastic films have been widely used in applications such as food packaging, bringing great convenience to everyday life. It is common to see plastic film for beverage packaging, frozen packaging, cooking food packaging, and fast food packaging. T,C&A Lab, another testing branch of Alfa Chemistry, employs highly technical skills and advanced equipment to conduct comprehensive plastic film analysis and testing services. Plastic films, including but not limited to: PVA coated high barrier film, biaxially oriented polypropylene film (BOPP), low density polyethylene film (LDPE), polyester film (PET), nylon film (PA), cast polypropylene film (CPP), and aluminum plating film, are within the testing range. In the end, a detailed and reliable plastic film testing report will be provided to clients. Please contact us to learn more. About As an active player in the analytical industry, Alfa Chemistry can provide resources and services to support both individuals and companies concerning quality assurance for a wide range of products. Moreover, its testing portfolio is constantly upgraded to accommodate research and manufacturing goals for industries and fields.

Electroplating intermediates refer to a class of fine chemicals used as electroplating additives. Unlike the salt used in the plating production process, the electroplating intermediate is an additive material for electroplating modification in terms of grain size, gloss, thickness, and plating speed. How Can Electroplating Intermediates be Classified? According to the different plating types, electroplating intermediates can be divided into nickel plating intermediates, copper plating intermediates, tin plating intermediates, gold plating intermediates, silver plating intermediates, etc. Meanwhile, according to different functions, electroplating intermediates can be further divided into surfactants, brighteners, wetting agents, softeners, anti-fog agents, and alike. Introduction to Zinc Electroplating Intermediates Zinc electroplating intermediates include potassium chloride acidic zincs, cyanide-free and cyanide basic zincs, as well as trivalent chromium passivation products of zincs. Potassium Chloride Acidic Zinc Intermediates include: Bianzacetone (BAR), Bianzadiacetone (BZA), O-chlorobenzaldehyde (OCBA), high temperature carrier (OCT-5/15). Cyanide-free and Cyanide-free Basic Zinc Intermediates include: benzyl nicotinic acid inner salt (BPC), imidazole propoxy condensate (IMZE), hexamethylene triquaternary ammonium chloride (HETM), and DPE-III. Trivalent Chromium Passivation Intermediates of Zinc include: basic chromium sulfate, chromium nitrate, complexing agent, and accelerator. Bianzadiacetone (BZA) is a potassium chloride acid zinc plating brightener, which is an alternative to benzylidene acetone and o-chlorobenzaldehyde. It consists of the passivation effect and white and bright coating. OCT-5/15, made by sulfonation of alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, is a carrier for potassium chloride galvanizing. Because its structure contains a benzene ring group and according to the principle of compatibility of those with similar chemical structures, the emulsification effect of OCT-5/15 with BAR, BZA, and OCBA that also contain a benzene ring structure should be better than that of fatty alcohol polyols that do not contain a benzene ring structure. Cyanide-free alkaline galvanizing is an environmentally friendly electroplating process due to the lack of highly toxic cyanide within the electroplating bath, and the related electroplating wastewater can be treated easily. Some galvanizing intermediates are: Bianyl nicotinic acid inner salt (BPC), Imidazole propoxy condensate (IMZE), and DPE-III, which can be used to prepare cyanide-free alkaline zinc plating additives. Among them, BPC, IMZE, and hexamethylene triquaternary ammonium chloride (HETM) are used as cyanide alkaline zinc plating additives, while HETM, also referred to as ETP, can also be used in electroless copper plating additives. The trivalent chromium blue-white passivation intermediates of zinc include: basic chromium sulfate, complexing agent, and accelerator B. The trivalent chromium color passivation intermediates of zinc include: chromium nitrate, complexing agent, and accelerator C. The passivation solution is prepared by the addition of the nickel salt, cobalt salt, and the abovementioned intermediates in a specific proportion. Introduction to Copper Electroplating Intermediates Copper electroplating intermediates include the alkali copper CB series and acid copper series. Meanwhile, the CB series of alkali copper consists of four intermediates: CB-1, CB-4, CB-5 and CB-6. The acid copper series intermediates include: sodium polydithiodipropane sulfonate (SPS), sodium 3-mercaptopropane sulfonate (MPS), sodium N,N-dimethyldithiocarbonylpropane sulfonate (DPS), isothioureapropanesulfonic acid inner salt (UPS), 3-(benzothiazole-2-mercapto)-propanesulfonate sodium (ZPS), tetrahydrothiazole-2-thione (H1), polyethyleneimine quaternary ammonium salt (PNP), 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (M), ethylenethiourea (N), and polyethylene glycol (P-6000). Furthermore, SPS is mainly used as an additive in electroplating acid copper plating. As an acidic copper plating intermediate, it is the major additive that can refine the crystallization of plating layers and effectively increase the current density. SPS is also the major brightener agent in the traditional M and N system acid copper plating. MPS is an acid copper intermediate, which can enhance the anti-corrosion ability of the copper surface, and it can be used in conjunction with polyether to obtain a bright and ductile coating. DPS is an acid copper brightener, which can be used in combination with surfactants, such as polyether and wetting agents, or used in combination with sulfur-containing brighteners to obtain bright and ductile coatings. At the same time, it can also be used for the electroless plating of precious metals or as an electroplating stabilizer. UPS is an acid copper brightener that can be used in combination with polyethylene glycol and anionic surfactants or with other acidic plating solutions such as silver plating and palladium plating. ZPS is a brightener for copper plating that can be used in combination with polyether and wetting agents or with other sulfur-containing brighteners.

The protein label-free quantification technique analyzes protein enzymatic peptide fragments by liquid-quality coupling and compares the signal intensity of the corresponding peptide fragments in different samples for relative quantification of the protein. This method is not dependent on isotope labeling and does not require expensive stable isotope labels as internal reference. The technique is now widely used in the fields of disease marker screening, disease development mechanism research, and drug action target research. DDA vs. DIA Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics 1. DDA-based MS1 label-free quantitative proteomics Each sample is first enzymatically cleaved into a peptide. The samples were then subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis by data-dependent acquisition (DDA). Scanning for DDA includes a high resolution MS1 full scan, followed by quadruple rod/ion trap for isolation of parent ions for specific conditions, collision cell fragmentation and MS2 fragmentation ion spectrogram acquisition. The ion flow chromatogram of the extracted high resolution parent ion is used as a quantitative feature and MS2 is used for peptide sequence identification. The method is based on the primary spectrum parent ion intensities, such as spectral peak height, spectral peak area and spectral peak volume information for protein quantification. In the primary mass spectra, each parent ion is an ionized peptide, including three-dimensional information such as liquid chromatography retention time, mass-to-charge ratio, and ion intensity. The parent ion signal intensity is correlated with the ion concentration. Therefore, the ion peak intensity (peak height, peak area and peak volume, etc.) corresponding to the identified peptide is extracted from the primary spectrum to reflect the abundance of the peptide. Based on this strategy, MS1 quantification and MS2 identification are independent of each other, allowing peptide identification information to be transferred throughout the sample dataset and facilitating the quantification of low-abundance peptides. The MS1 quantification strategy is often used for large-scale quantitative proteomics studies. 2. DIA-based label-free quantitative proteomics Data independent acquisition (DIA) is performed by MS/MS fragmentation of all peptide parent ions in a specific mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) range indiscriminately after a high-resolution full scan of the primary mass spectrometry. In DIA, high-resolution MS2 spectra are used for peptide identification, and both high-resolution MS1 and MS2 can be used for peptide/protein quantification. Compared with the MS1-based quantification method, the advantages of the DIA method are (1) non-discriminatory access to all peptides without loss of information of low-abundance proteins, as shown by fewer missing values; (2) fixed cycle time, uniform number of scan points, and high quantification accuracy, as shown by a lower coefficient of variation (CV) in the intensity of quantified proteins; (3) a lower coefficient of CV); (3) no randomness in the selection of peptides, and the data can be retraced; (4) better reproducibility for complex protein samples, especially low-abundance proteins.