30th November 2016, London: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is widespread globally with almost half a million cases documented in 2014. Although rare in European countries, the risks posed by the current migrant crisis makes MDR-TB an important and urgent public health priority.
A study just published in Clinical Microbiology and Infection documents that the rate of infection with MDR-TB is higher among migrants than in the general population, particularly in those born outside Europe and in those forced to leave their home country as asylum seekers and refugees.[i]
The data reviewed by Hargreaves et al. shows that 100% of the MDR-TB cases diagnosed in Austria, The Netherlands and Norway occurred in migrants to those countries. A high proportion of MDR-TB cases were also apparent in migrants to other European states – 90% in the UK, 89% in France, 87% in Italy and 94% in Germany.
Migrants are at higher risk of contracting MDR-TB both in their country of origin, because of the breakdown of their own healthcare system, and after arriving in Europe, because of destitution, homelessness, overcrowding in refugee camps or incarceration. Screening, diagnosis and treatment is available for all forms of TB, including active MDR-TB. However, this is rarely accessed by migrants due to restrictions set by healthcare systems or to fear on the part of the migrants that becoming known to the authorities might result in deportation back to the violence they have fled.
“Although there is evidence that transmission of TB from migrants to the general population is low – it predominantly occurs between migrants – there is a risk of transmission for both migrants and the native population,” notes Professor Jon S. Friedland of the International Health Unit, Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Imperial College London, UK, who is senior author of the study. “There is a human rights obligation to improve the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of MDR-TB in migrants.”
Detailed recommendations include:
·Changing healthcare policies so that there are fewer barriers to migrants with respect to TB screening, diagnosis and treatment. It would be a sound public health policy to reduce the risk of MDR-TB transmission to other migrants and the wider population.
·Providing better healthcare generally to migrant populations in individual host countries.
·Developing financial and social support mechanisms for migrants who are diagnosed with MDR-TB.
·Drawing up and adopting pan-European evidence-based guidelines for screening methods and how to implement them in the migrant populations.
·Research is also required to develop a reliable diagnostic test that can detect latent MDR-TB and to predict the risk of disease re-activation.
[i] Hargreaves S, et al., Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and migration to Europe, Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2016), href=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2016.09.009>weblink
